{"id":56096,"date":"2023-01-23T11:49:29","date_gmt":"2023-01-23T19:49:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/?p=56096"},"modified":"2023-01-23T11:49:29","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T19:49:29","slug":"the-long-overlooked-history-of-lunar-new-year-in-the-us","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/?p=56096","title":{"rendered":"The Long, Overlooked History of Lunar New Year in the US"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By<\/span>Julia Tong<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Around the world, Lunar New Year is celebrated in many unique ways: as \u6625\u8282 (Spring Festival) in China, T\u1ebft Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n in Vietnam, \uc124\ub0a0 (Seollal) in Korea, \u0f63\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f42\u0f66\u0f62\u0f0b (Losar) in Tibet, \u0426\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0430\u0440 (Tsagaan Sar) in Mongolia, not to mention diaspora communities across the globe.<\/p>\n

While ancient traditions are frequently discussed, the more recent history of these celebrations is less well-known. In the US, Asian Americans developed their own Lunar New Year traditions that were inflected by immigration, international relations, orientalism, and complicated relations with mainstream American society.<\/p>\n

The origins of the term \u201cLunar New Year\u201d<\/h2>\n

The English term \u201cLunar New Year\u201d is actually a misnomer: The holiday is based on a lunarsolar<\/em>, rather than a strictly lunar, calendar.<\/p>\n

Lunar calendars have one major flaw: 12 full moon cycles last around 354 days, just short of a solar year. To bridge this gap, many cultures incorporate solar patterns into their calendars.<\/p>\n

The calendar used by many countries within China\u2019s sphere of influence is speculated to have originated during the Xia dynasty (2070 \u2013 1600 BCE). Though the new year based on this calendar may have been celebrated during the earlier Shang dynasty, its date was fixed during the Han dynasty, roughly 2000 years ago.<\/p>\n

Still, not all cultures that celebrate Lunar New Year use this calendar. For instance, Tibet and Mongolia use their own calendars to determine the dates of Losar and Tsagaan Sar, respectively. These holidays do not always overlap with the dates of Chinese-originated New Year, pointing to the lack of specificity in the term \u201cLunar New Year\u201d and the even more inaccurate \u201cChinese New Year.\u201d<\/p>\n

So where did the English term \u201cLunar New Year\u201d originate? One theory dates its beginnings to the 1920s, during the height of Western colonial expansion: Examples include a\u00a0missionary<\/a>\u00a0in China, a\u00a0travel writer<\/a>\u00a0in French-occupied Vietnam, and a\u00a0train rider<\/a>\u00a0in Changsha, China.<\/p>\n

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The history of US Lunar New Year celebrations<\/h2>\n

According to the\u00a0Smithsonian<\/a>, the first documented Lunar New Year celebration in the US was a \u201cfeast\u201d held by a Chinese businessman for American upper class attendees on February 1st<\/sup>, 1851. The first community-driven celebration occurred in the 1860s, when Cantonese immigrants in San Francisco fused traditional New Year practices with a uniquely American format: the\u00a0parade<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As Chiou-Ling Yeh writes in \u201cMaking an American Festival: Chinese New Year in San Francisco\u2019s Chinatown<\/a>,\u201d early Chinese New Year parades were targets for discrimination. Police, for instance, prohibited New Year firecrackers\u2014despite fireworks being overlooked during Fourth of July celebrations. Throughout subsequent decades, Chinese New Year celebrations would be subject to xenophobia, police blockades, restrictions on sending money home, and import bans on New Year\u2019s goods.<\/p>\n

In 1912, the Republic of China under Sun Yat Sen controversially eliminated the holiday ostensibly to distance itself from the recently defated Qing Dynasty. To show support for the new government, most Chinese Americans stopped observing the holiday. Celebrations, however, were soon revived\u2014though with a different ethos.<\/p>\n

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In 1931, the San Francisco Chinese Chamber of Commerce organized a Chinese New Year Parade. Leaders realized that Orientalist portrayals of Asian culture would attract business to Chinatown. As a result, the event featured new additions specifically aimed at an outsider audience, such as Chinese American women serving guests as \u201cChinese maids.\u201d This shift, Yeh writes, made festivals less accessible to the Chinese community: Firecrackers were banned again after visiting whites unsafely set them off, and events had limited and costly seating that excluded the local population.<\/p>\n

During the Cold War, Chinese Americans were subject to a different kind of scrutiny: the pressure to prove their loyalty to the US. Thus, the 1951 revival of the parade in San Francisco was explicitly anti-Communist, to demonstrate the community\u2019s patriotism. These celebrations continued as the New Year was cancelled again under China\u2019s communist government from 1967 until its reinstatement as the \u201cSpring Festival\u201d in 1980.<\/p>\n

The 1970s also marked the arrival of refugees from Vietnam, who\u00a0who brought celebrations of their new year, T\u1ebft<\/a>. To these refugees, however, T\u1ebft was marked by wartime trauma and\u00a0homesickness<\/a>, and colored by\u00a0memories<\/a>\u00a0of the Northern Vietnamese coalition\u2019s surprise attack during the 1968 T\u1ebft offensive.<\/p>\n

At the same time, T\u1ebft celebrations promoted intracommunal support and the preservation of cultural identity. A\u00a01977 celebration<\/a>\u00a0in New York, for instance, raised money to support other Vietnamese refugees still in Asia. Meanwhile, Vietnamese-lead grassroots organizations in Virginia organized a\u00a0T\u1ebft festival<\/a>\u00a0for local refugees in 1979.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, many Koreans also came to the US in the 1950s. However, the celebration of their New Year, or Seollal, was impacted by a long history of repression in their home country. Seollal was banned during Japanese occupation in 1907 and continued to be prohibited during Syngman Rhee\u2019s dictatorship. Though the holiday was still\u00a0informally celebrated<\/a>, it was only officially reinstated in 1989. This complex past makes it difficult to pinpoint the history of Seollal celebrations in the United States.<\/p>\n

Lunar New Year today<\/h2>\n

Focusing exclusively on the ancient roots of Lunar New Year can erase the current history of how celebrations have evolved across the world. After all, the holiday is celebrated worldwide today, including in\u00a0Thailand<\/a>,\u00a0Malaysia<\/a>,\u00a0Singapore<\/a>,\u00a0Australia<\/a>,\u00a0Canada<\/a>,\u00a0Suriname<\/a>\u00a0and countless other nations, each featuring foods, events, and other customs unique to locals.<\/p>\n

In the US, the Lunar New Year is popularly recognized and celebrated.\u00a0California<\/a>\u00a0officially recognizes the holiday, with efforts underway to\u00a0federally recognize<\/a>\u00a0it. The\u00a0San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade<\/a>\u00a0is the largest of its type outside of Asia; Organizations across the country have planned events for\u00a0T\u1ebft<\/a>,\u00a0Losar<\/a>,\u00a0Seollal<\/a>, alongside Lunar New Year\u00a0Fairs<\/a>. And importantly, this popularity also brings increasing recognition of the diverse communities that observe it: The term \u201cLunar New Year\u201d has gained important significance as a way to recognize these\u00a0frequently<\/a>\u00a0overlooked<\/a>\u00a0celebrations<\/a>\u00a0from non-Chinese communities.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, Lunar New Year in the US is multidimensional: a reflection of the experiences and struggles of Asian American communities, of a diaspora\u2019s shifting relationship with their heritage, and, above all, a time for family, joy, relaxation, and reflection to welcome the new year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ByJulia Tong Jan 20, 2023 Around...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts","category-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=56096"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56097,"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56096\/revisions\/56097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=56096"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=56096"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lapost.us\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=56096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}